Episode 141: Chasing Fidelity with Mike Piech

In Episode 141, Mike Piech, Vice President of Business Development at Rigetti Computing, joins Patrick and Ciprian to talk hardware. Rigetti recently announced their 108-qubit system and is targeting 99.5% two-qubit gate fidelity by end of year, with a thousand physical qubits in sight by 2029. Mike breaks down why superconducting qubits are built on decades of semiconductor manufacturing know-how, what the Josephson junction actually does and why non-linearity is the key to isolating a usable qubit state, and why a macroscopic circuit behaving quantumly is one of the more remarkable phenomena in modern physics. The conversation also covers Rigetti's international work — including a 36-qubit system at the UK National Quantum Computing Centre and a new 108-qubit deployment in India with CDAC. The time to start learning quantum is now.

Transcript

SPEAKER_00 0:10

Episode 141. I suppose it is every day you did. Physics behind the job. What it's going to take to reach the thousand cubic milestone. Welcome to Entangle Things, your quantum computing podcast, hosted by Patrick and Cipri.

SPEAKER_03 0:40

Hey Ciprien, how are you doing?

SPEAKER_01 0:43

Hey Patrick. I'm doing great. Looking forward for another episode of Entangled Things.

SPEAKER_03 0:47

Oh, not nothing not to be disappointed today. So, Mike, do you mind introducing yourself to our audience?

SPEAKER_02 0:53

Sure. Hi, everyone. My name is Mike Peach. I'm vice president of business development at Reggetti Computing. We make quantum computers, is the simplest uh sort of intro statement there. So I will uh I'll pause at that moment and uh you can guide me as to how you'd like me to further take the introduction here. I can go a little bit into my background, I can give a little intro to Reggetti itself, we can, and then we can we can go in a whole bunch of directions.

SPEAKER_03 1:20

I I think we start with the Raghetti, because uh unbelievably, even after five years, you were the first guest from your company, and we have been remiss in in pigeonholing you guys and getting you to uh to show up for the podcast. So that's on us. But finally we have you guys here. So can you talk about like how you guys are approaching the quest to build quantum computers, modality, you know, challenges that you see? Just what what are you guys up to? Because uh you've been missing from our palette up till now.

SPEAKER_02 1:51

Got it. Sure thing, and no worries. So, you know, we're all of us in the in this business uh appreciate that it's very much emerging and and nascent and uh all of those those kinds of adjectives of um of earliness. Uh so anyway, so yes, Reggett Computing founded in 2013 by Chad Raghetti and a small team there. We we came out of Y Combinator, uh so in some ways a classic uh Silicon Valley type of uh uh gestation there. Um and while today we're still relatively small, we're 160 people, uh we're relatively old by startup standards, so we've uh had a kind of measured path, as it were. There was uh there were a couple of little uh changes and and zigs and zags along the way, as as with as with any company. Um interestingly, so first off, you said modality, so we are superconducting, and uh so you know Chad Raghetti, our founder, uh studied at Yale with Michelle Devere, one of the uh one of the three recipients of the Nobel Physics Prize last year, so uh along with uh John Martinez and John Clark. So uh very much part of that uh that that early cohort that really kind of established uh superconducting and and and gave it a lot of that early momentum, which continues to this day via IBM and Google and Amazon and the Chinese government and and and and a few companies in Europe as well. So the sort of the investment and energy going into superconducting uh among the modalities is is certainly important, I'll say, for anybody who's kind of getting into the area or uh sort of tracking it. Uh so just a couple of quick stats to uh catch us up to 2026. So I mentioned we're 160 people. We are public, we went public as a SPAC in 2022 uh along with a few other companies. So um interestingly, in a mouse that roared sort of uh configuration there, we're worth uh as of yesterday, at least around six billion dollars in market capitalization. Um and you know, along that 13-year journey, we've had a number of you know, industry firsts and a number of moments of industry leadership. So we built the industry's first quantum dedicated fab, which is uh in Fremont, California. Our headquarters is in Berkeley, California. So California company, you know, Silicon Valley-ish kinds of routes. Uh we were among the first to put quantum compute cycles in the cloud. We're uh an inaugural uh uh provider in Amazon's bracket offering. We're also available on Microsoft Azure Quantum today, as well as provide a direct connection in a in that uh that cloud model. But uh we also focus on uh delivering on-premises quantum compute systems. So uh within that context of yes, the industry is early. Um for the most part, commercial companies are not acquiring on-premises quantum systems today. The folks who are actually buying these systems are typically national laboratories and universities. Um, but uh we're our our flagship system today is 108 qubits, uh operating at uh about 99.1, 99.2% two qubit gate fidelity, looking to bring that up to about 99.5 by the end of this year, and we're we're targeting breaching the thousand qubit mark, thousand physical qubits to be clear, uh uh in within just a couple of years around 2029. So let me pause there, as I know there was a little bit of a, you know, kind of poke a couple of dots across the map and uh and uh hopefully folks have a picture in their mind, but I'll let you guys guide me to fill in what you think would make sense for for our audience here.

SPEAKER_01 6:20

Um well, the the 108-qubit system that you mentioned, right? If I'm correct, that was recently announced or or or launched. Correct. Um I I think that's that's a very interesting kind of milestone, right? So uh you mentioned also about the the roadmap to a thousand qubit. I would assume this recent announcement is kind of part of that planned roadmap.

SPEAKER_02 6:46

Correct. Yeah, we uh we are generally we generally err on the side of conservatism in publishing roadmaps and in how we talk about future uh milestones. Um and not to be sort of cagey or secretive, but more so because we really try to maintain and and reinforce a persona in the industry of, hey, we're we're straight shooters, right? We tell it as best we can like we see it, and particularly when talking about future items, we try to put out there aggressive but attainable goals that we deliver against and and and maintain a reputation of of delivering. There's it's uh there's a lot of hype out there as uh uh given how long you guys have been doing the podcast here and um the range of folks I'm sure you've spoken with, and the range of folks who are in your audience, I'm sure have witnessed just some of the crazy moments of uh you know, honest, awesome, authentic achievements, and then other moments of exaggeration or real kind of head scratching, you know, questioning moments of wow, did they really do that? Does it is it really that important? So anyway, um so just to you know put a little bit of that color on my answer to your question there, yeah. So we with this latest uh 108 announcement, which was just a couple of weeks ago, so right here at the end of uh the first quarter, um we, you know, we were, we were, we were really pushing to get to 99.5, you know, right out of the gate. Um, you know, you can't perfectly predict how science unfolds and how engineering, you know, catches up to the science. And uh and so you know, we're gonna take a little bit longer to get to that 99.5, but that will be a significant milestone. And then meanwhile, there are numerous uh engineering challenges and uh you know areas of excitement, let's say, to uh to to work through to uh to scale to scale our systems up to that thousand plus qubit uh range. So we're we're gonna there's there are a lot of aggressive numbers out there. Um and uh for the moment we relax that that that thousand qubit threshold a little bit to just be just be more realistic given what we've learned um and uh you know uh what what we now understand and expect that it's gonna take to get there.

SPEAKER_01 9:25

And and one of the things that we often discuss uh on the show when we talk about modalities, right, and and the challenges related to those modalities is the non-trivial difference in building one qubit gates versus two qubit gates and some of the big challenges of of getting two qubit gates right, uh specifically from the point of view of topologies and and other things. And I I know uh March this year, you folks also made a very interesting announcement from my point of view about the fidelity of two qubit gates. Um and and that was for me, to be very honest, was even uh a bigger announcement than the recent 108-qubit system because I know the kind of Achilles heel in in most cases is getting right and getting efficiently the problem solving the problem of the two-qubit gates. Um how how is that kind of uh going and and what are the what are the the prospects there?

SPEAKER_02 10:29

Yeah, it uh it's it's a great question and definitely goes to the heart of an important uh aspect of this development uh that just will take a lot of brilliant work to uh to to to progress against. Um so we had hit 99.5% two-qubit gate fidelity with our modular chiplet approach last summer with our uh 36 qubit um uh uh first sort of release of the new Cepheus architecture. And uh this 108 being the second release uh of Cepheid. Uh you know, we we were pretty sure that it would be straightforward to just carry that 99.5 forward. But as it turns out, you know, you put uh you know, you get to a regime with that many qubits, and there are there are interactions. There, there's there's there's physics with uh important subtleties that come into play as you add qubits, and um, you know, basically doing what needs to be done to to keep increasing that fidelity is uh you know just gonna take a little more work. And so that's that's what's going on there. We do feel like we have a I shouldn't say a straight line, but we have a line of sight to to to how to you know, again, keep progressing and improving um the fidelities. Um there there's no single thing. Um it's funny, in so many contexts I get asked, oh, what's the the single thing preventing you know Reghetti or the industry from reaching X number of qubits or if only there was just a single thing. Yeah, exactly. Uh you know, I we have a whole you know uh uh lab full of you know uh physicists and electrical engineers and mechanical engineers, you know, working on the thermal stuff and the and mathematicians doing the theoretical modeling, you know, and in in rooms in Berkeley and and and Fremont banging away at different aspects, right? It's everything from the the qubit design itself to uh the uh to the the the the the packaging and and cabling and the filters, the control electronics, um to the fabrication process itself, right? There are there are multiple steps in um you know you know uh deposition of metals on the silicon base and the etching and the various uh steps within that process. And um tiny tweaks to any one of those processes and postprocesses has an effect on uh you know uh you know resistance and precision with which one can target the uh the outcome uh uh center frequencies of the qubits and um uh uh imperfections that cause two-level systems and many, many, many different things like that. So so it's it really it literally takes a village, and it takes a village, you know, sort of ongoing in in cohesion to pull all of those pieces together and progress uh you know many things in tandem so that the the the outcome, the result is more qubits, a higher fidelity, uh faster gate speed, uh longer coherence time, all of which themselves are fundamental inputs to those higher level things like how many gates can you run? You know, what what does the Klops number look like? You know, what what's your best QAOA uh result, et cetera, et cetera.

SPEAKER_03 14:24

Yeah. You wouldn't you wouldn't ask Intel or NVIDIA, well, when are you done? When's the final chip going to be out? You know? It's the same thing. And and and we've talked often about the benefits that the superconducting modality has of chip making over the last 60, 70 years. Um, and so you're you're riding a little bit on that experience, but you also know that it just it's a conveyor belt, it's never gonna stop.

SPEAKER_02 14:51

Absolutely. Yeah. So just to um double-click on that point, because it's it's we believe an important one. Um, yeah. So one of the interesting aspects of uh of superconducting relative to some of the other modalities is that we really do get to stand on the shoulders of giants. We get to leverage decades of development of the tools, the processes, and frankly, the the actual uh workforce development. There's the talent of people who know how to make all of these highly specialized uh pieces of equipment just just just dance. And um, so RFAB, uh just an hour south of where I'm sitting right now in in Fremont, um, benefits from all of that. We're using we're using um tools that are you know well developed and mature from the semiconductor industry, and many of the folks in there made their leaps into the quantum world, you know, having come from semiconductors. And I was just at a conference yesterday down in Sunnyvale, uh a semiconductor, uh originally a semiconductor conference that has now essentially forked a uh a quantum kind of uh you know subconference, if you will, and um joining a number of uh colleagues from quantum computing and and there wasn't there was a preponderance of superconducting folks, uh interestingly, um but but talking about quantum to uh you know uh semiconductor uh uh industry folks, and yeah, there was a lot of common ground to uh to use as a basis to explain what we're doing. Now, all to be clear, um we as uh as a quantum chip maker, um, we are using those tools and those processes, but in very different ways, and in many cases with very different um materials, um exotic sounding things like niobium and tantalum and indium, um, all of which are metals that have superconducting properties as well as other properties relevant to the way that they're used in that particular aspect of a of a quantum chip. Um and one of the one of the uh things that is or aspects of all of this that is convenient for the moment while we're in this RD stage is that the scale at which we're building these uh these devices is is is so much uh more macroscopic than the scale at which today's you know top of the line semiconducting chips, you know, your NVIDIA chips or your Intel chips or whatever. We're we're we're dealing with scales you know much much, much, much greater than that. And that you know, that gives us that that just makes it a little bit easier to play with geometry, play with architecture, and and you know uh save for a little bit later some of those uh aspects that will inevitably um you know come out as new challenges when we try to um uh you know miniaturize these these things even further.

SPEAKER_03 17:52

Aaron Powell This is the first time I'd even thought about that. So what we normally think think talk about like three nanometer uh chips when we're talking about processors nowadays. Uh is there a nanometer scale that is appropriate to talk about with you guys, or is it is it not really a good thing?

SPEAKER_02 18:10

Yeah, well, so the there is there is one critical part within the and I'll just confess that I so I have an electrical engineering and a computer science background. I'm I'm not a materials or a fab expert here, so I I can I can share my um semi-technically illiterate understanding of what's going on there. The the a key element of a qubit that um that requires you know nanometer level precision on the order of a few nanometers is um is the Josephson junction. So you can I heard yesterday an analogy that said you can roughly think of the Josephson junction as the you know the transistor of uh of a quantum chip. It's not a perfect analogy, but it's a it's a useful analogy for some folks. Good enough. Yeah. And uh um but then if you if you and I I have uh a picture that I often show on a slide, uh if you actually show the uh a picture of the chip, the overall qubit with all its pieces, right? The Josephson junction, the um the drive lines, the the the readout resonators, et cetera, um, you know, they're on the order, they're visible, right? They're they're on the order of a millimeter. So, I mean the the you know, by by chip standards, the the standard. Enormous. So so that that hopefully gives a little bit of a calibration of the range there. You gotta you gotta get the the the inner you know gaps that are part of the fundamental Joseph's and junction architecture, you gotta get them, you know, that that that that requires precision, but um, but the rest of the the geometry is is again macro scale by by by uh semiconductor chip fabrication standards.

SPEAKER_01 19:54

And just for the for our audience, right, to to to remind uh everyone, right? The the chosen junction is that construct that you basically add, right, to a standard harmonic oscillator uh to essentially get it out of the uh of the state where uh it's linear, right? And and it enables you to basically get it into a a way to behave that is useful.

SPEAKER_02 20:20

Yeah. So I that that that is uh here's the I'll attempt a quick explanation of what's going on there. So you everything that you said is accurate. So what um you know you if if you start from you know a basic understanding of a of a of a harmonic oscillator, um, and for those with an electrical engineering sort of background, you think of an LC circuit, an inductor and a capacitor. Um and when that that circuit oscillates, the energy essentially in a in a sine wave sort of motion um just transitions back and forth between electrical engineering energy and magnetic energy. Um and what we're trying to do with the circuit that operates as the superconducting qubit is we're trying to have uh we're trying to get to the lowest energy level, the zero, the ground state energy level, and one level above that, which would be the one state. We're talking about you know quantized energy states, hence quantum. Um there are you can keep on going, zero, one, two, three, four, five. If you have a linear harmonic oscillator, the energy gaps between zero and one, one and two, two and three is the same. So if I inject um uh a certain amount of, you know, uh uh an amount of energy into that circuit, it's much harder. I don't know of am I bouncing from zero to one, one to two, two to three. If I have a nonlinearity in there, then what happens is that the the amount of energy to go from zero to one is different from the amount of energy to go from one to two. And two to three and so on. And uh that nonlinearity allows us to isolate that harmonic oscillator system in such a way that we can very rigorously keep it in either zero or one and and know that that's the case and have that to be, you know, you know, understood and deterministic and so on. So that's in a few more sentences, what the the uh part of the point of the Joseph's injunction and this notion of nonlinearity and and and why does that matter? Um one other thing I'll throw out there, because I I didn't, it took me a little while for this to come together and as a fundamental understanding about superconducting qubits as I as I you know came into this space and into this domain. Um pretty much all of the other qubit modalities are about isolating an actual atom or you know, an atomic entity, right? An ion, a photon, a uh uh you know a an atom of of some uh of some some material, some element, um, and manipulating and reading the quantum state of that atomic entity, right? So this is you know it may right from the the the get-go, right? Quantum mechanics happens at the quantum level. What's absolutely fascinating about superconducting quantum qubits is we're not talking about individual atoms. We're talking about a macroscopic construct, physical construct, that behaves quantumly. And that that's a that's a fascinating phenomenon. Um and I it it and fundamentally that's one of the things that happens when a circuit superconducts. Um so all of us with some you know basic, you know, scientific starting probably first learn about superconducting as oh, current flows with no resistance. Um that's important and and interesting and helpful um when you're trying to uh you know construct a system that uh where you isolate quantum behaviors. But what superconducting also entails is that all of the electrons, or as it turns out, they form pairs called Cooper pairs. So all the electrons that are flowing in a superconducting circuit behave in quantum unison. They behave as if they were a single particle. And so the the quantum behavior of that collective set of electrons acting as a single particle is what we isolate and uh ultimately manipulate and use as a as a as a quantum behaving entity that becomes our qubit that is the basis of quantum computation. And that's a lot easier.

SPEAKER_01 24:46

Yeah, I but I think that's a great kind of nuance because um a lot of people who we talk to they automatically assume that quantum computing can only be built with individual particles, right? Well, turns out that's very far from the truth, and remarkable results are obtained with like um simulating, right, creating virtual uh particles that are actually implemented using uh a macroscopic circuit, which which works just fine.

SPEAKER_02 25:17

Yeah, and this is what essentially what um John Martinez, John Clark, and Michelle Devere, that's what they got the Nobel Prize for last year, was essentially for figuring this out and doing the early experiments that that demonstrated it. So it's uh you know, we're all definitely uh beneficiaries of that brilliant thinking and and experimental work there. So yeah.

SPEAKER_03 25:40

And this would make you much less I mean, you're still susceptible to heat and and and other noise, but it makes you less susceptible probably than a single photon would.

SPEAKER_02 25:51

Yeah. Yes. I mean, that is, we believe, what has made superconducting as a modality um successful to date and and you know, again, building the chips and leveraging the the um you know all that uh uh those decades of maturity in in tools and processes and knowledge from semiconductors. Um but then also the just the mere fact that we're dealing with a macroscopic entity, right? And not trying to isolate and manipulate individual atoms, which you know are so many organ uh orders of magnitude smaller than than the superconducting circuits we're dealing with, you know, that that affords, you know, it gives like I maybe one way to put it is it it gives us a lot of degrees of freedom to manipulate, whether it's the architecture of the circuit, whether it's the different metals or you know, fabrication techniques around the circuit and um uh and so on. However, right, that that all that said, there's there's a there are a lot of physical, you know, aspects here that are that are challenges. Noise, you know, heat, you know, whether that's heat, you know, thermal noise, you know, and you know, again, we we operate at these 10 to 20 milkelvin temperatures, so our chips are operating in these you know massive uh dilution refrigerators um and uh thermal aspects, you know, you the you hear the word thermalization on the on the floor at the you know in the lab, you know, you know, many, many times a day. So and as we scale, right, you know, right now we're at 108 qubits in a you know relatively large uh uh dilution refrigerator, you know, as we get into thousands of qubits, the the the sheer mass of cables that uh it's gonna take to get signals to and from the qubits, um, you know, that's that's one whole area of the challenge. And you know, we're looking, you know, we and the rest of the industry are looking at different different cabling technologies, transduction from um uh the the microwave signals that we use to to control the chips to to optical and back so that uh optical cables going through uh uh into the fridge are you know causing less of a thermal load there. There's um there's you know different multiplexing strategies to uh to address that. So but yeah, I mean the uh signaling and and uh noise both on the drive signals on the way down and the readout signals on the way up and at the chip itself while operations gates are being executed, all of these are are fundamental aspects that multiple people that that uh in our lab are are banging away at every day.

SPEAKER_01 28:43

Um just to switch gears a little bit, because I want to make sure that we get to to talk a little bit about this as well. I think if I'm correct, last month you announced a plan for a pretty massive investment uh in the UK. Is that correct?

SPEAKER_02 29:00

And and can you tell us a little bit about like what's going on and and what are some of your plans with respect to these types of Yeah, we uh Reggetti has been in the UK for a number of years, three, four, five years. I I I it was certainly predated my arrival at Reggett as that relationship uh formed and was built up and so on. But you know, where we are today is we have a 36-qubit system at the UK National Quantum Computing Center. And um analogous to a number of the US programs such as DARPA's Quantum Benchworking Initiative and um uh and it's different programs in the DOE at the national laboratories here in the US, the the UK uh National Quantum Computing Center, funded by the the UK government, also uh has had in the past and continues to bring out new um programs, new new grant dollars for different different kinds of research. And uh with the the success of the this the system, just the system that we've deployed there and the work that's been done on that system over there, and the the new grant money coming out of the UK government, uh we have it makes sense from both a business standpoint and a development of the science and engineering standpoint to you know essentially double down on that investment and and and keep um uh well yeah, I'll just leave it at double down. So hire more folks, get it um do some more development over there, get you know, uh expand system capabilities so there's that much more in the way of physical hardware for researchers to uh to run experiments against. So that's that's the context and the motivation and and and so on behind that. We're we're proud of success there and and and very much uh uh you know having and and continuing a great relationship with um both senior level stakeholders who obviously are wanting to develop the quantum industry and and uh uh and stature. Uh all of many countries, all countries who are invest whose governments are investing in quantum are doing it for national security, for uh for economic reasons to try and um capture as much of what's ultimately going to be an important and and burgeoning large market, you know, capture that. Um and then, you know, among the uh scientists and so on, there's there's certainly the prestige of of having certain kinds of development, certain kinds of breakthrough happened, you know, within your labs. So um, and we're trying to be not just a California or U.S. company, but you know, have that international footprint and citizen of the world mentality and and and go and and work in some of those other places where we can. We also have uh we we announced in January a uh a large deal with India, the Indian um uh uh organization called CDAC, Center for Development of Advanced Computing, essentially their uh national uh lab uh uh uh entity focused on computing, a lot of high-performance computing. They have a supercomputer there. And uh you know, we're building up an 108 qubit system there, and we'll be, you know, again, uh uh proud to be a significant player in helping India develop its its nascent uh you know quantum computing ecosystem.

SPEAKER_03 32:34

That's amazing. We were um in our first year, we had the government of uh Finland come to us and want to talk to us because they just acquired a five-qubit system. And so we've come so far in such a short period of time. So so we're over 30 minutes, which means we we still have a little bit of time, but we probably should start wrapping it up. Otherwise, we'd be we'd be taking your the the rest of your day because it's been fun talking to you. Is there anything else that we haven't brought up that we haven't talked about that you think that we should uh should surface before we finish up?

SPEAKER_02 33:07

I guess you know, I uh in in a in a couple of minutes, it'll be hard to do justice to the application side of things. But I I'll I'll sort of lob out there as a teaser, maybe even for a future conversation, that while Reggetti is a quantum hardware, quantum system vendor, we're not intending to sell application-level software per se. We do have a number of application experts on our staff who generally are uh carrying out their jobs in collaboration with academia and industry, working uh from the other side. Um, you know, we have lots of great stuff going on at the chip level, but you know, at the end of the day, all of this stuff is only interesting if there's practical use for it out there in the industry. So we have been uh trying to help stimulate and contribute to and collaborate with other folks who are pushing ahead in those areas and some of the particular ways in which we're seeing promising examples, particularly in machine learning and in optimization. Um, chemistry simulation, certainly as well. We have less expertise and experience in that area, but that that's a third uh important area of application. So um just again, lobbying it out there that we are doing some interesting work there. And then I guess that you know the kind of um message I like to end with in any conversation uh with practically any audience about quantum computing is that while you may hear statements like, oh, it's 10 years away, or you know, it's it's it's far away, it's not yet commercially useful or viable. There is very interesting work and development and breakthroughs happening today. Um if you're a commercial entity, it is worth investigating this now, getting people ramped up on it. You're not necessarily gonna go buy a quantum computer next quarter and and and convince your CFO that that you know uh you're gonna break even on that investment in nine months or something like that. But it will take some time to ramp up the expertise uh as to how to make use of quantum computing when it really is commercially viable. And it makes sense to start learning that and ramping up on that now. And then for folks out there in in academia or at the more researchy end of the spectrum, um, if you're in some adjacent uh area and if you're just wondering, uh, is there stuff to do here? Is it is it interesting? I can just put out an emphatic yes, absolutely. You know, come join us. We need we need we need talent helping um you know ideate and and visualize and and create and and and make things happen here. And it is so exciting to be in this industry. So that's that that that would be that would be my uh ideal uh ending phrase.

SPEAKER_03 35:58

I I think we couldn't agree more. We think that uh maybe 10 years ago quantum was 10 years out, but we're we're starting to see things really pop off now. Um I think the the the way I explain it to people is I say, if you could have known about AI five years ago and dove into it, would you? I think I think we're within that five-year bubble right now that that it's starting to really pick up. Totally agreed. Well, thanks again for joining us. We we hope to keep uh Raghetti on the menu from now on. So we appreciate you uh joining us and uh hopefully we'll see you soon. And thanks everybody.

SPEAKER_02 36:31

Thank you. Thanks for having me. Super fun chatting with you guys and happy to happy to come back. So uh glad glad to make the uh make the connection here. We're gonna hold you to that.

SPEAKER_01 36:39

It's been a pleasure.

SPEAKER_03 36:40

Thanks, everybody. We'll see you soon. Bye. Bye. Bye.

SPEAKER_00 36:46

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